What's All This about ELF? glibc?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).See the ELF HOWTO by Daniel Barlow. Note that this is not the file move-to-elf, which is a blow-by-blow account of how to upgrade to ELF manually. Linux has two different formats for executables, object files, and object code libraries, known as, "ELF". (The old format is called "a.out".) They have advantages, including better support for shared libraries and dynamic linking. Both a.out and ELF binaries can coexist on a system. However, they use different shared C libraries, both of which have to be installed. If you want to find out whether your system...

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How Do I Upgrade the Libraries without Trashing the System?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).Warning You should always have a rescue disk set ready when you perform this procedure, in the likely event that something goes wrong!This procedure is especially difficult if you're upgrading very old libraries like libc4. But you should be able to keep libc4 on the same system with libc5 libraries for the programs that still need them. The same holds true for upgrading from libc5 to the newer-yet glibc2 libraries.The problem with upgrading dynamic libraries is that the moment you remove the old libraries, the utilities that you need to upgrade to the new...

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What Is ld.so and How Do I Get It?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0). ld.so is the dynamic library loader. Each binary using shared libraries used to have about 3K of start-up code to find and load the shared libraries. Now that code has been put in a special shared library, /lib/ld.so, where all binaries can look for it, so that it wastes less disk space, and can be upgraded more easily.ld.so can be obtained from http://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/ and mirror sites. The latest version at the time of writing is ld.so.1.9.5.tar.gz./lib/ld-linux.so.1 is the same thing for ELF ("What's all this about ELF? ") and comes...

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Where Can I Find Linux System Specifications?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).As a start, look at the Linux Standards Base, http://www.linuxbase.org. The site contains information about test software, file system organization, and shared library naming conventions. ...

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Where Can I Find Linux System Specifications?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).As a start, look at the Linux Standards Base, http://www.linuxbase.org. The site contains information about test software, file system organization, and shared library naming conventions. ...

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How Do I Add Temporary Swap Space?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).In addition to a swap partition, Linux can also use a swap file. Some programs, like g++, can use huge amounts of virtual memory, requiring the temporary creation of extra space. To install an extra 64 MB of swap space, for example, use the following shell commands: # dd if=/dev/zero of=/swap bs=1024 count=65535 # mkswap /swap # swapon /swap The count= argument to dd determines how big the swap file will...

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Why Isn't My Virtual Memory Swap Area Working?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).When you boot (or enable swapping manually) you should see Adding Swap: NNNNk swap-space If you don't see any messages at all you are probably missingswapon -av(the command to enable swapping) in your /etc/rc.local or /etc/rc.d/* (the system startup scripts), or have forgotten to make the right entry in /etc/ fstab:/dev/hda2 none swap sw for example.If you see:Unable to find swap-space signature you have forgotten to run mkswap. See the manual page for details; it works much like mkfs.Running the command free, in addition to showing free memory,...

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Where Is the Journalling File System on the Net?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).Linux actually supports several journalling file systems. ext3 is now included in current 2.4.x kernels.A: The journalling file system named Reiserfs has just been released from testing. It is said to make Linux even faster than Linux with the Ext2 file system installed, particularly when dealing with many small files.Complete information is available at http://devlinux.org/namesys/.A: JFS is still under developme...

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How Do I Resize a Partition Non-Destructively?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).A: Use the FIPS.EXE program, included with most Linux distributions,under MS-DOS.A: GNU parted, a partition editor, is stable enough for non-guru, mere-mortal use with relative confidence. Source code for the latest version is at: ftp:/ /ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/parted/. There's also a boot disk image for resizing root partitions and for running parted on non-Linux machines. The disk image may be easier for beginners. Building from source could require some extra configuration.Parted also has tutorial-style, plain-text documentation for Linux and FAT (MS-DOS) file...

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How Do I Create a File System on a Floppy?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).If you are running recent Gnome or KDE desktops, you have a GUI tool that makes formatting floppies easy.A: To format a 3.5-inch, high density floppy at the command prompt: $ fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 $ mkfs -t ext2 -m 0 /dev/fd0H1440 1440 For a 5.25 inch floppy, use /dev/fd0h1200 and 1200 as appropriate. For the B: drive use /dev/fd1 instead of /dev/fd0.The -m 0 option tells mkfs.ext2 not to reserve any space on the disk for the superuserusually the last 10% is reserved for...

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Can Linux Access MacIntosh File Systems?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).There is a set of user-level programs that read and write the older Macintosh Hierarchical File System (HFS). It is available at metalab.unc.edu/ pub/Linux/utils/disk-management/.Access to the newer, HFS+ file systems is still under developme...

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Can Linux Access Amiga File Systems?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).The Linux kernel has support for the Amiga Fast File System (AFFS) version 1.3 and later, both as a compile-time option and as a module. The file Documentation/filesystems/affs.txt in the Linux kernel source distribution has more information.See How To Upgrade/Recompile a Kernel.Linux supports AFFS hard-drive partitions only. Floppy access is not supported due to incompatibilities between Amiga floppy controllers and PC and workstation controllers. The AFFS driver can also mount disk partitions used by the Un*x Amiga Emulator, by Bernd Schmi...

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Can Linux Access OS/2 HPFS Partitions?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).Yes, but Linux access to HPFS partitions is read-only. HPFS file system access is available as an option when compiling the kernel or as a module. See the Documentation/filesystems/hpfs.txt file in the kernel source distribution. See How To Upgrade/Recompile a Kernel. Then you can mount HPFS partition, using, for example: $ mkdir /hpfs $ mount -t hpfs /dev/hda5 /h...

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Can Linux Use Stacked/DBLSPC/Etc. DOS Drives?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).A: Until recently, not very easily. You can access DOS 6.X volumes from the DOS emulator ("What software does Linux support? "), but it's harder than accessing a normal DOS volume via the DOS kernel option, a module, or mtools. There is a recently added package, dmsdos, that reads and writes compressed file systems like DoubleSpace/DriveSpace in MS-DOS 6.x and Win95, as well as Stacker versions 3 and 4. It is a loadable kernel module. Look at ftp:// metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/filesystems/dosf...

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Does Linux Support Compressed Ext2 File Systems?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0). The ext2compr project provides a kernel patch Information about them is located at http://e2ompr.memalpha.cx/e2compr/.There is also a Web site for the e2compr patches. The code is still experimental and consists of patches for the 2.0 and 2.1 kernels. For more information about the project, including the latest patches, and the address of the mailing list, look up the URL at http://debs.fuller.edu/e2compr/.[Roderich Schupp, Peter MoulderA: zlibc is a program that allows existing applications to read compressed (GNU gzip'ed) files as if they were not compressed....

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How Do I Access Files on a MS-DOS Partition or Floppy?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).Use the DOS file system, type, for example:$ mkdir /dos$ mount -t msdos -o conv=text,umask=022,uid=100,gid=100 /dev/hda3 /dosIf it's a floppy, don't forget to umount it before ejecting it!You can use the conv=text/binary/auto, umask=nnn, uid=nnn, and gid=nnn options to control the automatic line-ending conversion, permissions and ownerships of the files in the DOS file system as they appear under Linux. If you mount your DOS file system by putting it in your /etc/fstab, you can record the options (comma-separated) there, instead of defaults.Alternatively,...

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Can Linux Use the Same Hard Drive as MS-DOS? OS/2? 386BSD? Win95?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).Yes. Linux supports many, many filesystems, including the standard MS-DOS partitioning scheme, so it can share your disk with other operating systems.Linux supports all known versions of the Microsoft FAT and VFAT file systems, including those used by Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000 and Windows ME through loadable kernel modules. In a correctly configured system, they should load automatically when the partitions are mounted.Note, however, that many other operating systems may not be exactly compatible. DOS's FDISK.EXE and FORMAT.EXE, for...

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Does Linux Support Virtualized File Systems Like RAID?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).The most recent Linux kernels support software RAID, and they will work with RAID disk controllers.An automounter for NFS partitions is part of most Linux distributions.In addition, several virtual file system projects exist. One of them, the Linux Logical Volume Manager, is located at http://linux.msede.com/lv...

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How Can I Get Linux to Work With My Disk?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).If your disk is an IDE or EIDE drive, you should read the file /usr/src/ linux/drivers/block/README.ide (part of the Linux kernel source code). This README contains many helpful hints about IDE drives. Many modern IDE controllers do translation between "physical" cylinders/heads/sectors, and "logical" ones.SCSI disks are accessed by linear block numbers. The BIOS invents some "logical" cylinder/head/sector fiction to support DOS.Older IBM PC-compatible BIOS's will usually not be able to access partitions which extend beyond 1024 logical cylinders, and will...

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Why Doesn't the AHA1542C Card Work With Linux?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).A: The option to allow disks with more than 1024 cylinders, which the AHA1542C card can recognize, is only required as a workaround for a PC-compatible BIOS misfeature and should be turned off under Linux. For older Linux kernels you need to turn off most of the advanced BIOS options all but the one about scanning the bus for bootable devic...

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Does Linux Support USB Devices?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).A: Linux supports a few dozen USB devices at present, and work is underway to develop additional device drivers. There is a Web page devoted to the subject, at http://www.linux-usb.org. There is also LDP documentation, at: Where Is the Linux Stuff on the World Wide Web?.Support for USB version 2.0 was recently added to development kernels, but is not yet available in the 2.4 seri...

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Can Linux Use More than 3 Serial Ports by Sharing Interrupts?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).A: Yes, but you won't be able to use simultaneously two ordinary ports which share an interrupt (without some trickery). This is a limitation of the ISA Bus architecture.See the Serial HOWTO for information about possible solutions and workarounds for this probl...

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019. What is a BogoMip?

A: "BogoMips" is a combination of Bogus and Mips. MIPS stands for (depending on who you ask) Millions of Instructions per Second, or Meaningless Indication of Processor Speed.The number printed at boot time is the result of a kernel timing calibration, used for very short delay loops by some device drivers.This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).According to the BogoMips mini-HOWTO, the rating for your machine will be:Common BogoMips RatingsProcessor BogoMips Comparison --------- -------- ---------- Intel...

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Does Linux Support Threads or Lightweight Processes?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).A: As well as the Unix multiprocessing model involving heavyweight processes, which is of course part of the standard Linux kernel, there are several implementations of lightweight processes or threads. Recent kernels implement a thread model, kthreads. In addition, there are the following packages available for Linux.*GNU glibc2 for Linux has optional support for threads. The archive is available from the same place as glibc2, ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ *In ftp://sipb.mit.edu/pub/pthread/ or ftp://ftp.ibp.fr:/pub/unix/threads/ pthreads. Documentation isn't...

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Where Is the Latest Kernel Version on the Internet?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).A: The easiest way to update your kernel is to get the update directly from the distribution which you are running.A: If you need or want to configure and compile your own kernel, the web page at http://www.kernel.org/ lists the current versions of the development and production kernels.If you want to download the source code, FTP to ftp.xx.kernel.org, where xx is the two-letter Internet domain abbreviation of your country; e.g., us for United States, ca for Canada, or de for Germany. Kernel versions 2.2.x are archived in the directory pub/linux/kernel/v2.2,...

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015. How Does Linux Kernel Versioning Work?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).A: Ports are currently available for:A: At any given time, there are several "stable" versions of Linux, and one "development" version. Unlike most proprietary software, older stable versions continue to be supported for as long as there is interest, which is why multiple versions exist.Linux version numbers follow a longstanding tradition. Each version has three numbers, i.e., X.Y.Z. The "X" is only incremented when a really significant change happens, one that makes software written for one version no longer operate correctly on the other. This happens very...

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Ports to Other Processors

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).A: Ports are currently available for:*Compaq Alpha AXP *Sun SPARC and UltraSPARC *Motorola 68000 *PowerPC *PowerPC64 *ARM *Hitachi SuperH *IBM zSeries and S/390 *MIPS *HP PA-RISC *Intel IA-64 *DEC VAX *AMD x86-64 *CRISA: There are always efforts underway to port Linux onto new processors. Linux Online maintains a http://www.linux.org/projects/ports.html:list of ports currently in development.In addition, the following information is available about specific ports:On Intel platforms, VESA Local Bus and PCI bus are supported.MCA (IBM's proprietary bus) and ESDI...

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What Hardware Is Supported?

This article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).A: A minimal Linux installation requires a machine for which a port exists, at least 2Mb of RAM, and a single floppy drive, but to do anything even remotely useful, more RAM and disk space are needed. Refer to: Ports to Other Processors, What are the Disk Space Requirements for Minimal, Server, and Workstation Use?, and What are the Minimum and Maximum Memory Requirements?.Intel CPU, PC-compatible machines require at least an 80386 processor to run the standard Linux kernel.Linux, including the X Window System GUI, runs on most current laptops. Refer to the...

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. What Platforms Does Linux Support?

DescriptionThis article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).A: Linux runs on almost every general-purpose computer made in the last 10 years. It runs on systems as small as PDAs (for example, the Sharp Zaurus) and on systems as large as IBM mainframes.There are Linux distributions specifically for mobile and handheld platforms. Information on the Linux distribution for the Compaq iPAQ is at http:// www.handhelds.org.A: Linux was written originally for Intel processor based PC's, using the hardware facilities of the 80386 processor and its successors to implement its features. The 80386 family includes the...

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How Many People Use Linux?

DescriptionThis article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).A: Linux is freely available, and no one is required to register with any central authority, so it is difficult to know. Several businesses survive solely on selling and supporting Linux. Linux newsgroups are some of the most heavily read on Usenet. Accurate numbers are hard to come by, but the number is almost certainly in the millions.However, people can register as Linux users at the Linux Counter project, which has been in existence since 1993. In May of 2003 the project counted more than 134,000 users, but that is certainly only a small fraction...

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How Does One Pronounce Linux?

DescriptionThis article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).A: This question produces an outrageous amount of heated debate.If you want to hear Linus himself say how he pronounces it, download english.au or swedish.au from ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus/ SillySounds/. If you have a sound card or the PC-speaker audio driver you can hear them by typing$ cat english.au >/dev/audioThe difference isn't in the pronunciation of Linux but in the language Linus uses to say, "hello".For the benefit of those who don't have the equipment or inclination: Linus pronounces Linux approximately as Leenus, where...

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009. How Is Linux Licensed?

DescriptionThis article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).A: Linus has placed the Linux kernel under the GNU General Public License, which basically means that you may freely copy, change, and distribute it, but you may not impose any restrictions on further distribution, and you must make the source code available.This is not the same as Public Domain. See the Copyright FAQ, ftp:// rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/law/copyright, for details.Full details are in the file COPYING in the Linux kernel sources (probably in /usr/src/linux on your system). There is a FAQ for the GPL at: http:// www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl-faq.html.The...

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Who Wrote Linux?

DescriptionThis article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).A: Linus Torvalds and a loosely knit team of volunteer hackers from across the Internet wrote (and still are writing) Linux from scrat...

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Is Linux Unix?

DescriptionThis article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).007. Is Linux Unix?A: Officially an operating system is not allowed to be called a Unix until it passes the Open Group's certification tests, and supports the necessary API's. Nobody has yet stepped forward to pay the large fees that certification involves, so we're not allowed to call it Unix. Certification really doesn't mean very much anyway. Very few of the commercial operating systems have passed the Open Group tests.A: Unofficially, Linux is very similar to the operating systems which are known as Unix, and for many purposes they are equivalent....

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What Is Linux?

DescriptionThis article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).A: The name "Linux" is used to refer to three similar yet slightly different things, which can be confusing to all but the hardcore geek. The three usages vary by how much of a complete software system the speaker is talking about.At the lowest level, every Linux system is based on the Linux kernel ?? the very low-level software that manages your computer hardware, multi-tasks the many programs that are running at any given time, and other such essential things. These low-level functions are used by other programs, so their authors can focus on...

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Asking Questions and Sending Comments

DescriptionThis article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).002. Asking Questions and Sending CommentsIf you have any comments, or if you have a question about Linux that was not answered here, feel free to send it to the maintainer: david -AT- lupercalia.net. Place the letters FAQ in the subject of your message.I won't guarantee to answer all questions, but I'll answer as many as I can. Questions that I receive repeatedly will be added to the FAQ. If you wish to refer to a question in the FAQ, please include the title of the question in your email.If you have an addition to the FAQ, by all means send it....

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About the FAQ

DescriptionThis article is from the Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the Free/Open Source UNIX-like operating system kernel that runs on many modern computer systems. Maintained by David C. Merrill with numerous contributions by others. (v1.0).001. About the FAQThis document contains a collection of the answers to the most common questions people ask about Linux.It is available as WikiText source, DocBook XML, an ASCII text file, an HTML World Wide Web page, Postscript, PDF, Plucker, and as a USENET news posting.DocBook XML is generated from WikiText source using wt2db. HTML is generated from the XML using the LDP's XSL customization layer on top of Norm Walsh's standard DocBook XSL stylesheets. Text is generated from the HTML using lynx. Most of these programs are found in most Linux...

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Linux FAQ

Frequently Asked Questions about Linux .This FAQ is currently compiled and maintained by David Merrill, with assistance and comments from Linux users all over the world. Over the years it has passed through several hands, and I'd like to recognize all the folks who have worked on it.In addition to those of us who have been official maintainers, the FAQ is full of individual contributions. The name of the contributor is listed along with the contribution.Special thanks are due to Matt Welsh, who moderated news: comp.os.linux.announce and news:comp.os.linux.answers, coordinated the HOWTO's and wrote substantial portions of many of them, Greg Hankins the former Linux Documentation Project HOWTO maintainer, Lars Wirzenius and Mikko Rauhala, the former and current moderators of news:comp.os.linux.announce,...

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